Posts published in “Guide”

Including PHP in a File

<?php

// place PHP code here

?>

Writing Comments

• // — Denotes comments that only span one line
• # — Another way of producing single-line comments
• /*...*/ — Everything between /* and */ is not executed, also works across several lines

Outputting Data

In PHP, data is commonly output using echo or print. For example, the title of this blog post might be displayed on a page like this:

<?php
    echo "<h2>Hello World!</h2>";
?>

The two commands echo and print are pretty much the same. The only difference is that the former has no return value and can take several parameters, while the latter has a return value of 1 and can only take one argument.

Note: Like all other PHP commands, functions echo and print are not case sensitive. That means that when you write ECHO, EcHo, eCHO or any other variation, they will continue to work. As you will learn further on, that doesn’t apply to everything.

Writing PHP Functions

function NameOfTheFunction() {
    // PHP code here
}

Quick explanation: the first part is the function of a name (reminder: function names are not case sensitive). After that, everything between the curly braces is what the function does when called.

Defining Variables

In PHP, you denote a variable using the $ sign and assign its value using =. A typical example:

<?php
   $title = "PHP Cheat Sheet";
?>

Note:

• Variables need to start with a letter or underscore (_) and can only be comprised of alpha-numeric characters
• PHP variables are case sensitive, that means $myVar and $myvar are not the same thing
• If your variable consists of more than one word you may write it $my_variable or $myVariable

Types of Data

• Integers — Integers are non-decimal numbers between -2,147,483,648 and ,147,483,647. They must have at least one digit and no decimal point. It can be in decimal, hexadecimal, or octal.
• Floats — This is the name for numbers with a decimal point or in exponential form.
• Strings — This simply means text. We will talk about it in detail further below.
• Boolean values — Meaning true/false statements.
• Arrays — Arrays are variables that store several values. We will talk about them in detail further below.
• Objects — Objects store both data and information on how to process it.
• Resources — These are references to functions and resources outside of PHP.
• NULL — A variable that is NULL doesn’t have any value.

There is no need to declare PHP variables in a certain way. They automatically take on the type of data they contain.

Variable Scope

Variables can be available in different scopes, meaning the part of a script you can access them. This can be global, local and static.

Any variable declared outside of a function is available globally. That means it can be accessed outside of a function as well.

If you declare a variable inside a function, it will have a local scope. The consequence is that it can only be accessed within that function.

A way around this is to prepend a local variable with global. That way, it becomes part of the global scope:

function myFunction() {
    global $a, $b;
    $b = $a - $b;
}

In both cases, the variable becomes part of the $GLOBALS variable mentioned below.

Finally, it’s also possible to add static in front of a local variable. That way, it won’t be deleted after its function is executed and can be reused.

Predefined Variables

Reserve PHP variables, accessible from anywhere, regardless of scope.

• $GLOBALS — Used to access global variables from anywhere inside a PHP script
• $_SERVER — Contains information about the locations of headers, paths, and scripts
• $_GET — Can collect data that was sent in the URL or submitted in an HTML form
• $_POST — Used to gather data from an HTML form and to pass variables
• $_REQUEST — Also collects data after submitting an HTML form

Variable-Handling Functions

There are a whole bunch of functions to work with variables:

• boolval — Used to retrieve the boolean value of a variable
• debug_zval_dump — Outputs a string representation of an internal zend value
• empty — Checks whether a variable is empty or not
• floatval — Get the float value of a variable (doubleval is another possibility)
• get_defined_vars — Returns an array of all defined variables
• get_resource_type — Returns the resource type
• gettype — Retrieves the variable type
• import_request_variables — Import GET/POST/Cookie variables into the global scope
• intval — Find the integer value of a variable
• is_array — Checks whether a variable is an array
• is_bool — Finds out if a variable is a boolean
• is_callable — Verify whether you can call the contents of a variable as a function
• is_countable — Check whether the contents of a variable are countable
• is_float — Find out if the type of a variable is float, alternatives: is_double and is_real
• is_int — Check if the type of a variable is an integer, is_integer and is_long also works
• is_iterable — Verify that a variable’s content is an iterable value
• is_null — Checks whether a variable’s value is NULL
• is_numeric — Find out if a variable is a number or a numeric string
• is_object — Determines whether a variable is an object
• is_resource — Check if a variable is a resource
• is_scalar — Tests if a variable is a scalar
• is_string — Find out whether the type of a variable is a string
• isset — Determine if a variable has been set and is not NULL
• print_r — Provides human-readable information about a variable
• serialize — Generates a representation of a value that is storable
• settype — Sets a variable’s type
• strval — Retrieves the string value of a variable
• unserialize — Creates a PHP value from a stored representation
• unset — Unsets a variable
• var_dump — Dumps information about a variable
• var_export — Outputs or returns a string representation of a variable that can be parsed

Constants

Aside from variables, you can also define constants which also store values. In contrast to variables their value can not be changed, it’s locked in.

In PHP you can define a constant:

define(name, value, true/false)

The first is the name, the second the constant’s value and the third parameter whether its name should be case sensitive (the default is false).

Constants are useful since they allow you to change the value for an entire script in one place instead of having to replace every instance of it. They are also global in nature, meaning they can be accessed from anywhere.

Aside from user-defined constants, there also a number of default PHP constants:

• __LINE__ — Denotes the number of the current line in a file
• __FILE__ — Is the full path and filename of the file
• __DIR__ — The directory of the file
• __FUNCTION__ — Name of the function
• __CLASS__ — Class name, includes the namespace it was declared in
• __TRAIT__ — The trait name, also includes the namespace
• __METHOD__ —  The class method name
• __NAMESPACE__ — Name of the current namespace

PHP Arrays – Grouped Values

Arrays are a way to organize several values in a single variable so that they can be used together. While functions are for blocks of code, arrays are for the values – a placeholder for larger chunks of information.

In PHP there are different types of arrays:

• Indexed arrays – Arrays that have a numeric index
• Associative arrays – Arrays where the keys are named
• Multidimensional arrays – Arrays that contain one or more other arrays

Declaring an Array in PHP

Arrays in PHP are created with the array()

<?php
  $cms = array("Banna", "Apple", "Pear");
  echo "What is your favorite fruit? Is it " . $cms[0] . ", " . $cms[1] . " or " . $cms[2] . "?";
?>

Array keys can either be strings or integers.

How to create an array with key value pairs in PHP?

PHP offers us a special type of array called an Associative Array that allows us to create an array with Key-Value pairs. The syntax for creating an Associative Array is as follows:

Syntax 1: Using array() constructor

$arrayVariable = array(
    key1 => value1,
    key2 => value2,
    key3 => value3,
    ...
    keyN => valueN,
);

Syntax 2: Using shorthand notation

$arrayVariable = [
    key1 => value1,
    key2 => value2,
    key3 => value3,
    ...
    keyN => valueN,
];

Array Functions

• array_change_key_case — Changes all keys in an array to uppercase or lowercase
• array_chunk — Splits an array into chunks
• array_column — Retrieves the values from a single column in an array
• array_combine — Merges the keys from one array and the values from another into a new array
• array_count_values — Counts all values in an array
• array_diff — Compares arrays, returns the difference (values only)
• array_diff_assoc — Compares arrays, returns the difference (values and keys)
• array_diff_key — Compares arrays, returns the difference (keys only)
• array_diff_uassoc — Compares arrays (keys and values) through a user callback function
• array_diff_ukey — Compares arrays (keys only) through a user callback function
• array_fill — Fills an array with values
• array_fill_keys — Fills an array with values, specifying keys
• array_filter — Filters the elements of an array via a callback function
• array_flip — Exchanges all keys in an array with their associated values
• array_intersect — Compare arrays and return their matches (values only)
• array_intersect_assoc — Compare arrays and return their matches (keys and values)
• array_intersect_key — Compare arrays and return their matches (keys only)
• array_intersect_uassoc — Compare arrays via a user-defined callback function (keys and values)
• array_intersect_ukey — Compare arrays via a user-defined callback function (keys only)
• array_key_exists — Checks if a specified key exists in an array, alternative: key_exists
• array_keys — Returns all keys or a subset of keys in an array
• array_map — Applies a callback to the elements of a given array
• array_merge — Merge one or several arrays
• array_merge_recursive — Merge one or more arrays recursively
• array_multisort — Sorts of multiple or multi-dimensional arrays
• array_pad — Inserts a specified number of items (with a specified value) into an array
• array_pop — Deletes an element from the end of an array
• array_product — Calculate the product of all values in an array
• array_push — Push one or several elements to the end of the array
• array_rand — Pick one or more random entries out of an array
• array_reduce — Reduce the array to a single string using a user-defined function
• array_replace — Replaces elements in the first array with values from following arrays
• array_replace_recursive — Recursively replaces elements from later arrays into the first array
• array_reverse — Returns an array in reverse order
• array_search — Searches the array for a given value and returns the first key if successful
• array_shift — Shifts an element from the beginning of an array
• array_slice — Extracts a slice of an array
• array_splice — Removes a portion of the array and replaces it
• array_sum — Calculate the sum of the values in an array
• array_udiff — Compare arrays and return the difference using a user function (values only)
• array_udiff_assoc — Compare arrays and return the difference using default and a user function (keys and values)
• array_udiff_uassoc — Compare arrays and return the difference using two user functions (values and keys)
• array_uintersect — Compare arrays and return the matches via user function (values only)
• array_uintersect_assoc — Compare arrays and return the matches via a default user function (keys and values)
• array_uintersect_uassoc — Compare arrays and return the matches via two user functions (keys and values)
• array_unique — Removes duplicate values from an array
• array_unshift — Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array
• array_values — Returns all values of an array
• array_walk — Applies a user function to every element in an array
• array_walk_recursive — Recursively applies a user function to every element of an array
• arsort — Sorts an associative array in descending order according to the value
• asort — Sorts an associative array in ascending order according to the value
• compact — Create an array containing variables and their values
• count — Count all elements in an array, alternatively use sizeof
• current — Returns the current element in an array, an alternative is pos
• each — Return the current key and value pair from an array
• end — Set the internal pointer to the last element of an array
• extract — Import variables from an array into the current symbol table
• in_array — Checks if a value exists in an array
• key — Fetches a key from an array
• krsort — Sorts an associative array by key in reverse order
• ksort — Sorts an associative array by key
• list — Assigns variables as if they were an array
• natcasesort — Sorts an array using a “natural order” algorithm independent of case
• natsort — Sorts an array using a “natural order” algorithm
• next — Advance the internal pointer of an array
• prev — Move the internal array pointer backward
• range — Creates an array from a range of elements
• reset — Set the internal array pointer to its first element
• rsort — Sort an array in reverse order
• shuffle — Shuffle an array
• sort — Sorts an indexed array in ascending order
• uasort — Sorts an array with a user-defined comparison function
• uksort — Arrange an array by keys using a user-defined comparison function
• usort — Categorize an array by values using a comparison function defined by the user

PHP Strings

In programming, speech strings are nothing more than text. As we have settled earlier, they are also a valid value for variables.

Defining Strings

In PHP there are several ways to define strings:

• Single quotes — This is the simplest way. Just wrap your text in ' markers and PHP will handle it as a string.
• Double quotes — As an alternative you can use ". When you do, it’s possible to use the escape characters below to display special characters.
• heredoc — Begin a string with <<< and an identifier, then put the string in a new line. Close it in another line by repeating the identifier. heredoc behaves like double-quoted strings.
• nowdoc — Is what heredoc is for double-quoted strings but for single quotes. It works the same way and eliminates the need for escape characters.

Note: Strings can contain variables, arrays, and objects.

Escape Characters

• \n — Linefeed
• \r — Carriage return
• \t — Horizontal tab
• \v — Vertical tab
• \e — Escape
• \f — Form feed
• \\ — Backslash
• \$ — Dollar sign
• /' — Single quote
• \" — Double quote
• \[0-7]{1,3} — Character in octal notation
• \x[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2} — Character in hexadecimal notation
• \u{[0-9A-Fa-f]+} — String as UTF-8 representation

String Functions

• addcslashes() — Returns a string with backslashes in front of specified characters
• addslashes() — Returns a string with backslashes in front of characters that need to be escaped
• bin2hex() — Converts a string of ASCII characters to hexadecimal values
• chop() — Removes space or other characters from the right end of a string
• chr() — Returns a character from a specified ASCII value
• chunk_split() — Splits a string into a series of smaller chunks
• convert_cyr_string() — Converts a string from a Cyrillic character set to another
• convert_uudecode() — Decodes a uuencoded string
• convert_uuencode() — Encodes a string using uuencode
• count_chars() — Returns information about the characters in a string
• crc32() — Calculates a 32-bit CRC for a string
• crypt() — Returns a hashed string
• echo() or echo '' — Outputs one or several strings
• explode() — Breaks down a string into an array
• fprintf() — Writes a formatted string to a specified output stream
• get_html_translation_table() — Returns the translation table used by htmlspecialchars() and htmlentities()
• hebrev() — Transforms Hebrew text to visual text
• hebrevc() — Converts Hebrew text to visual text and implements HTML line breaks
• hex2bin() — Translate hexadecimal values to ASCII characters
• html_entity_decode() — Turns HTML entities to characters
• htmlentities() — Converts characters to HTML entities
• htmlspecialchars_decode() — Transforms special HTML entities to characters
• htmlspecialchars() — Switches predefined characters to HTML entities
• implode() — Retrieves a string from the elements of an array, same as join()
• lcfirst() — Changes a string’s first character to lowercase
• levenshtein() — Calculates the Levenshtein distance between two strings
• localeconv() — Returns information about numeric and monetary formatting for the locale
• ltrim() — Removes spaces or other characters from the left side of a string
• md5() — Calculates the MD5 hash of a string and returns it
• md5_file() — Calculates the MD5 hash of a file
• metaphone() — Provides the metaphone key of a string
• money_format() — Returns a string as a currency string
• nl_langinfo() — Gives specific locale information
• nl2br() — Inserts HTML line breaks for each new line in a string
• number_format() — Formats a number including grouped thousands
• ord() — Returns the ASCII value of a string’s first character
• parse_str() — Parses a string into variables
• print() — Outputs one or several strings
• printf() — Outputs a formatted string
• quoted_printable_decode() — Converts a quoted-printable string to 8-bit binary
• quoted_printable_encode() — Goes from 8-bit string to a quoted-printable string
• quotemeta() — Returns a string with a backslash before metacharacters
• rtrim() — Strips whitespace or other characters from the right side of a string
• setlocale() — Sets locale information
• sha1() — Calculates a string’s SHA-1 hash
• sha1_file() — Does the same for a file
• similar_text() — Determines the similarity between two strings
• soundex() — Calculates the soundex key of a string
• sprintf() — Returns a formatted string
• sscanf() — Parses input from a string according to a specified format
• str_getcsv() — Parses a CSV string into an array
• str_ireplace() — Replaces specified characters in a string with specified replacements (case-insensitive)
• str_pad() — Pads a string to a specified length
• str_repeat() — Repeats a string a preset number of times
• str_replace() — Replaces specified characters in a string (case-sensitive)
• str_rot13() — Performs ROT13 encoding on a string
• str_shuffle() — Randomly shuffles the characters in a string
• str_split() — Splits strings into arrays
• str_word_count() — Returns the number of words in a string
• strcasecmp() — Case-insensitive comparison of two strings
• strcmp() — Binary safe string comparison (case sensitive)
• strcoll() — Compares two strings based on locale
• strcspn() — Returns the number of characters found in a string before the occurrence of specified characters
• strip_tags() — Removes HTML and PHP tags from a string
• stripcslashes() — Opposite of addcslashes()
• stripslashes() — Opposite of addslashes()
• stripos() — Finds the position of the first occurrence of a substring within a string (case insensitive)
• stristr() — Case-insensitive version of strstr()
• strlen() — Returns the length of a string
• strnatcasecmp() — Case-insensitive comparison of two strings using a “natural order” algorithm
• strnatcmp() — Same as the aforementioned but case sensitive
• strncasecmp() — String comparison of a defined number of characters (case insensitive)
• strncmp() — Same as above but case-sensitive
• strpbrk() — Searches a string for any number of characters
• strpos() — Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string (case sensitive)
• strrchr() — Finds the last occurrence of a string within another string
• strrev() — Reverses a string
• strripos() — Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string’s substring (case insensitive)
• strrpos() — Same as strripos() but case sensitive
• strspn() — The number of characters in a string with only characters from a specified list
• strstr() — Case-sensitive search for the first occurrence of a string inside another string
• strtok() — Splits a string into smaller chunks
• strtolower() — Converts all characters in a string to lowercase
• strtoupper() — Same but for uppercase letters
• strtr() — Translates certain characters in a string, alternative: strchr()
• substr() — Returns a specified part of a string
• substr_compare() — Compares two strings from a specified start position up to a certain length, optionally case sensitive
• substr_count() — Counts the number of times a substring occurs within a string
• substr_replace() — Replaces a substring with something else
• trim() — Removes space or other characters from both sides of a string
• ucfirst() — Transforms the first character of a string to uppercase
• ucwords() — Converts the first character of every word in a string to uppercase
• vfprintf() — Writes a formatted string to a specified output stream
• vprintf() — Outputs a formatted string
• vsprintf() — Writes a formatted string to a variable
• wordwrap() — Shortens a string to a given number of characters

PHP Operators

Operators allow you to perform operations with values, arrays, and variables. There are several different types.

Arithmetic Operators

Your standard mathematic operators.

• + — Addition
• - — Subtraction
• * — Multiplication
• / — Division
• % — Modulo (the remainder of value divided by another)
• ** — Exponentiation

Assignment Operators

Besides the standard assignment operator (=), you also have the following options:

• += — a += b is the same as a = a + b
• -= — a -= b is the same as a = a – b
• *= — a *= b is the same as a = a * b
• /= — a /= b is the same as a = a / b
• %= — a %= b is the same as a = a % b

Comparison Operators

• == — Equal
• === — Identical
• != — Not equal
• <> — Not equal
• !== — Not identical
• < — Less than
• > — Greater than
• <= — Less than or equal to
• >= — Greater than or equal to
• <=> — Less than, equal to, or greater than

Logical Operators

• and — And
• or — Or
• xor — Exclusive or
• ! — Not
• && — And
• || — Or

Bitwise Operators

• & — And
• | — Or (inclusive or)
• ^ — Xor (exclusive or)
• ~ — Not
• << — Shift left
• >> — Shift right

Error Control Operator

You can use the @ sign to prevent expressions from generating error messages. This is often important for security reasons, for example, to keep confidential information safe.

Execution Operator

PHP supports one execution operator, which is `` (backticks). These are not single-quotes! PHP will attempt to execute the contents of the backticks as a shell command.

Increment/Decrement Operators

• ++$i — Increments a variable by one, then returns it
• $i++ — Returns a variable, then increments it by one
• --$i — Decrements the variable by one, returns it afterward
• $i-- — Returns the variable then decrements it by one

String Operators

• . — Used to concatenate (mean combine) arguments
• .= — Used to append the argument on the right to the left-side argument

Loops in PHP

Loops are very common in programming. They allow you to run through the same block of code under different circumstances. PHP has several different ones.

For Loop

This type goes through a block of code a specified number of times:

for ($i = 0; $i <= 10; $i++) {
    // code to execute goes here
}

Foreach Loop

A loop using foreach runs through each element in an array:

foreach ($InsertYourArrayName as $value) {
    // code to execute goes here
}
// or
foreach ($array as $key => $value)

While Loop

Loops through a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.

while (condition that must apply) {
    // code to execute goes here
}

Do…While Loop

The final PHP loop runs a code snippet once, then repeats the loop as long as the given condition is true.

do {
    // code to execute goes here;
} while (condition that must apply);

Conditional Statements

If/else statements are similar to loops. They are statements for running code only under certain circumstances. You have several options:

If/elseif/else Statement

if (condition) {
    // code to execute if condition is met
} elseif (condition) {
    // code to execute if this condition is met
} else {
    // code to execute if none of the conditions are met
}

Switch Statement

switch (n) {
    case 1:
        code to execute if n=1;
        break;
    case 'abc':
        code to execute if n='abc';
        break;
    case z:
        code to execute if n=z;
        break;
    // add more cases as needed
    default:
        code to execute if n is neither of the above;
}

Working with Forms in PHP

$_GET and $_POST help to collect data sent via a form.

Using GET vs POST

GET collects data via URL parameters. That means all variable names and their values are contained in the page address.

The advantage of this is that you’re able to bookmark the information. Keep in mind that it also means that the information is visible to everyone. For that reason, GET is not suitable for sensitive information such as passwords. It also limits the amount of data that can be sent in ca 2000 characters.

POST, on the other hand, uses the HTTP POST method to pass on variables. This makes the data invisible to third parties, as it is sent in the HTTP body. You are not able to bookmark it.

With POST, there are no limits to the amount of information you can send. Aside from that, it also has advanced functionality and is therefore preferred by developers.

Form Security

The most important issue when it comes to web forms is security. If not set up properly, they are vulnerable to cross-scripting attacks. The hackers add scripts to unsecured web forms to use them for their own purpose.

PHP offers following function to thwart those attacks:

• htmlspecialchars()
• trim()
• stripslashes()

Required Fields, Error Messages and Data Validation

PHP is able to define required fields (you can’t submit the form without filling them out), display error messages if some information is missing and to validate data. We have already talked about the necessary tools to do so.

For example, you can simply define variables for your form fields and use the empty() function to check if they have values. After that, create a simple if/else statement to either send the submitted data or output an error message.

The next step is to check the submitted data for validity. For that, PHP offers a number of filters such as FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL to make sure a submitted email address has the right format.

Regular Exprressions (RegEx)

Syntax

$exp = "/w3schools/i";

RegEx Functions

preg_match()

Returns 1 if the pattern was found in the string and 0 if not

preg_match_all()

Returns the number of times the pattern was found in the string, which may also be 0

preg_replace()

Returns a new string where matched patterns have been replaced with another string

RegEx Modifiers

i Performs a case-insensitive search

m Performs a multiline search (patterns that search for the beginning or end of a string will match the beginning or end of each line)

u Enables correct matching of UTF-8 encoded patterns

RegEx Patterns

[abc] – Find one character from the options between the brackets

[^abc] – Find any character NOT between the brackets

[0-9] – Find one character from the range 0 to 9

Metacharacters

| Find a match for any one of the patterns separated by | as in: cat|dog|fish

. Find just one instance of any character

^ Finds a match as the beginning of a string as in: ^Hello

$ Finds a match at the end of the string as in: World$

\d Find a digit

\s Find a whitespace character

\b Find a match at the beginning of a word like this: \bWORD, or at the end of a word like this: WORD\b

\uxxxx Find the Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number xxxx

Quantifiers

n+ Matches any string that contains at least one n

n* Matches any string that contains zero or more occurrences of n

n? Matches any string that contains zero or one occurrences of n

n{x} Matches any string that contains a sequence of X n’s

n{x,y} Matches any string that contains a sequence of X to Y n’s

n{x,} Matches any string that contains a sequence of at least X n’s

Grouping

Use parentheses ( ) to apply quantifiers to entire patterns. They cal also be used to select parts of the pattern to be used as a match.

<?php
  $str = "Apples and bananas.";
  $pattern = "/ba(na){2}/i";
  echo preg_match($pattern, $str); // Outputs 1
?>

PHP Functions

• A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.
• A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.

Default Argument Value

<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function setHeight(int $minheight = 100) {
  echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
}
setHeight(50);
setHeight(); // will use the default value of 100

?>

PHP Filters

Filters are used to validate and filter data that is coming from insecure sources. As mentioned, a common example is user input. PHP offers a number of filter functions and constants for that:

Filter Functions

• filter_has_var() — Checks if a variable of the specified type exists
• filter_id() — Returns the ID belonging to a named filter
• filter_input() — Retrieves a specified external variable by name and optionally filters it
• filter_input_array() — Pulls external variables and optionally filters them
• filter_list() — Returns a list of all supported filters
• filter_var_array() — Gets multiple variables and optionally filters them
• filter_var() — Filters a variable with a specified filter

Filter Constants

• FILTER_VALIDATE_BOOLEAN — Validates a boolean
• FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL — Certifies an e-mail address
• FILTER_VALIDATE_FLOAT — Confirms a float
• FILTER_VALIDATE_INT — Verifies an integer
• FILTER_VALIDATE_IP — Validates an IP address
• FILTER_VALIDATE_REGEXP — Confirms a regular expression
• FILTER_VALIDATE_URL — Validates a URL
• FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL — Removes all illegal characters from an e-mail address
• FILTER_SANITIZE_ENCODED — Removes/Encodes special characters
• FILTER_SANITIZE_MAGIC_QUOTES — Applies addslashes()
• FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT — Removes all characters, except digits, +- and .,eE
• FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT — Gets rid of all characters except digits and + –
• FILTER_SANITIZE_SPECIAL_CHARS — Removes special characters
• FILTER_SANITIZE_FULL_SPECIAL_CHARS — Converts special characters to HTML entities
• FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING — Removes tags/special characters from a string, alternative: FILTER_SANITIZE_STRIPPED
• FILTER_SANITIZE_URL — Rids all illegal characters from a URL
• FILTER_UNSAFE_RAW —Do nothing, optionally strip/encode special characters
• FILTER_CALLBACK — Call a user-defined function to filter data

HTTP Functions in PHP

PHP also has the functionality to manipulate data sent to the browser from the webserver.

HTTP Functions

• header() — Sends a raw HTTP header to the browser
• headers_list() — A list of response headers ready to send (or already sent)
• headers_sent() — Checks if and where the HTTP headers have been sent
• setcookie() — Defines a cookie to be sent along with the rest of the HTTP headers
• setrawcookie() — Defines a cookie (without URL encoding) to be sent along

Working with MySQL

Many platforms that are based on PHP work with a MySQL database in the background.

MySQL Functions

• mysqli_affected_rows() — The number of affected rows in the previous MySQL operation
• mysqli_autocommit() — Turn auto-committing database modifications on or off
• mysqli_change_user() — Changes the user of the specified database connection
• mysqli_character_set_name() — The default character set for the database connection
• mysqli_close() — Closes an open database connection
• mysqli_commit() — Commits the current transaction
• mysqli_connect_errno() — The error code from the last connection error
• mysqli_connect_error() — The error description from the last connection error
• mysqli_connect() — Opens a new connection to the MySQL server
• mysqli_data_seek() — Moves the result pointer to an arbitrary row in the result set
• mysqli_debug() — Performs debugging operations
• mysqli_dump_debug_info() — Dumps debugging information into a log
• mysqli_errno() — The last error code for the most recent function call
• mysqli_error_list() — A list of errors for the most recent function call
• mysqli_error() — The last error description for the most recent function call
• mysqli_fetch_all() — Fetches all result rows as an array
• mysqli_fetch_array() — Fetches a result row as an associative, a numeric array, or both
• mysqli_fetch_assoc() — Fetches a result row as an associative array
• mysqli_fetch_field_direct() — Metadata for a single field as an object
• mysqli_fetch_field() — The next field in the result set as an object
• mysqli_fetch_fields() — An array of objects that represent the fields in a result set
• mysqli_fetch_lengths() — The lengths of the columns of the current row in the result set
• mysqli_fetch_object() — The current row of a result set as an object
• mysqli_fetch_row() — Fetches one row from a result set and returns it as an enumerated array
• mysqli_field_count() — The number of columns for the most recent query
• mysqli_field_seek() — Sets the field cursor to the given field offset
• mysqli_field_tell() — The position of the field cursor
• mysqli_free_result() — Frees the memory associated with a result
• mysqli_get_charset() — A character set object
• mysqli_get_client_info() — The MySQL client library version
• mysqli_get_client_stats() — Returns client per-process statistics
• mysqli_get_client_version() — The MySQL client library version as an integer
• mysqli_get_connection_stats() — Statistics about the client connection
• mysqli_get_host_info() — The MySQL server hostname and the connection type
• mysqli_get_proto_info() — The MySQL protocol version
• mysqli_get_server_info() — Returns the MySQL server version
• mysqli_get_server_version() — The MySQL server version as an integer
• mysqli_info() — Returns information about the most recently executed query
• mysqli_init() — Initializes MySQLi and returns a resource for use with mysqli_real_connect()
• mysqli_insert_id() — Returns the auto-generated ID used in the last query
• mysqli_kill() — Asks the server to kill a MySQL thread
• mysqli_more_results() — Checks if there are more results from a multi-query
• mysqli_multi_query() — Performs one or more queries on the database
• mysqli_next_result() — Prepares the next result set from mysqli_multi_query()
• mysqli_num_fields() — The number of fields in a result set
• mysqli_num_rows() — The number of rows in a result set
• mysqli_options() — Sets extra connect options and affect behavior for a connection
• mysqli_ping() — Pings a server connection or tries to reconnect if it has gone down
• mysqli_prepare() — Prepares an SQL statement for execution
• mysqli_query() — Performs a query against the database
• mysqli_real_connect() — Opens a new connection to the MySQL server
• mysqli_real_escape_string() — Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement
• mysqli_real_query() — Executes an SQL query
• mysqli_reap_async_query() — Returns the result from async query
• mysqli_refresh() — Refreshes tables or caches or resets the replication server information
• mysqli_rollback() — Rolls back the current transaction for the database
• mysqli_select_db() — Changes the default database for the connection
• mysqli_set_charset() — Sets the default client character set
• mysqli_set_local_infile_default() — Unsets a user-defined handler for the LOAD LOCAL INFILE command
• mysqli_set_local_infile_handler() — Sets a callback function for the LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE command
• mysqli_sqlstate() — Returns the SQLSTATE error code for the last MySQL operation
• mysqli_ssl_set() — Establishes secure connections using SSL
• mysqli_stat() — The current system status
• mysqli_stmt_init() — Initializes a statement and returns an object for use with mysqli_stmt_prepare()
• mysqli_store_result() — Transfers a result set from the last query
• mysqli_thread_id() — The thread ID for the current connection
• mysqli_thread_safe() — Returns if the client library is compiled as thread-safe
• mysqli_use_result() — Initiates the retrieval of a result set from the last query executed using the mysqli_real_query()
• mysqli_warning_count() — The number of warnings from the last query in the connection

Date/Time Functions

• checkdate() — Checks the validity of a Gregorian date
• date_add() — Adds a number of days, months, years, hours, minutes and seconds to a date object
• date_create_from_format() — Returns a formatted DateTime object
• date_create() — Creates a new DateTime object
• date_date_set() — Sets a new date
• date_default_timezone_get() — Returns the default timezone used by all functions
• date_default_timezone_set() — Sets the default timezone
• date_diff() — Calculates the difference between two dates
• date_format() — Returns a date formatted according to a specific format
• date_get_last_errors() — Returns warnings or errors found in a date string
• date_interval_create_from_date_string() — Sets up a DateInterval from relative parts of a string
• date_interval_format() — Formats an interval
• date_isodate_set() — Sets a date according to ISO 8601 standards
• date_modify() — Modifies the timestamp
• date_offset_get() — Returns the offset of the timezone
• date_parse_from_format() — Returns an array with detailed information about a specified date, according to a specified format
• date_parse() — Returns an array with detailed information about a specified date
• date_sub() — Subtracts days, months, years, hours, minutes and seconds from a date
• date_sun_info() — Returns an array containing information about sunset/sunrise and twilight begin/end for a specified day and location
• date_sunrise() — The sunrise time for a specified day and location
• date_sunset() — The sunset time for a specified day and location
• date_time_set() — Sets the time
• date_timestamp_get() — Returns the Unix timestamp
• date_timestamp_set() — Sets the date and time based on a Unix timestamp
• date_timezone_get() — Returns the time zone of a given DateTime object
• date_timezone_set() — Sets the time zone for a DateTime object
• date() — Formats a local date and time
• getdate() — Date/time information of a timestamp or the current local date/time
• gettimeofday() — The current time
• gmdate() — Formats a GMT/UTC date and time
• gmmktime() — The Unix timestamp for a GMT date
• gmstrftime() — Formats a GMT/UTC date and time according to locale settings
• idate() — Formats a local time/date as an integer
• localtime() — The local time
• microtime() — The current Unix timestamp with microseconds
• mktime() — The Unix timestamp for a date
• strftime() — Formats a local time and/or date according to locale settings
• strptime() — Parses a time/date generated with strftime()
• strtotime() — Transforms an English textual DateTime into a Unix timestamp
• time() — The current time as a Unix timestamp
• timezone_abbreviations_list() — Returns an array containing dst, offset, and the timezone name
• timezone_identifiers_list() — An indexed array with all timezone identifiers
• timezone_location_get() — Location information for a specified timezone
• timezone_name_from_abbr() — Returns the timezone name from an abbreviation
• timezone_name_get() — The name of the timezone
• timezone_offset_get() — The timezone offset from GMT
• timezone_open() — Creates a new DateTimeZone object
• timezone_transitions_get() — Returns all transitions for the timezone
• timezone_version_get() — Returns the version of the timezonedb

Date and Time Formatting

• d — 01 to 31
• j — 1 to 31
• D — Mon through Sun
• l — Sunday through Saturday
• N — 1 (for Mon) through 7 (for Sat)
• w — 0 (for Sun) through 6 (for Sat)
• m — Months, 01 through 12
• n — Months, 1 through 12
• F — January through December
• M — Jan through Dec
• Y — Four digits year (e.g. 2018)
• y — Two digits year (e.g. 18)
• L — Defines whether it’s a leap year (1 or 0)
• a — am and pm
• A — AM and PM
• g — Hours 1 through 12
• h — Hours 01 through 12
• G — Hours 0 through 23
• H — Hours 00 through 23
• i — Minutes 00 to 59
• s — Seconds 00 to 59

PHP Errors

Error Functions

• debug_backtrace() — Used to generate a backtrace
• debug_print_backtrace() — Prints a backtrace
• error_get_last() — Gets the last error that occurred
• error_log() — Sends an error message to the web server’s log, a file or a mail account
• error_reporting() — Specifies which PHP errors are reported
• restore_error_handler() — Reverts to the previous error handler function
• restore_exception_handler() — Goes back to the previous exception handler
• set_error_handler() — Sets a user-defined function to handle script errors
• set_exception_handler() — Sets an exception handler function defined by the user
• trigger_error() — Generates a user-level error message, you can also use user_error()

Error Constants

• E_ERROR — Fatal run-time errors that cause the halting of the script and can’t be recovered from
• E_WARNING — Non-fatal run-time errors, execution of the script continues
• E_PARSE — Compile-time parse errors, should only be generated by the parser
• E_NOTICE — Run-time notices that indicate a possible error
• E_CORE_ERROR — Fatal errors at PHP initialization, like an E_ERROR in PHP core
• E_CORE_WARNING — Non-fatal errors at PHP startup, similar to E_WARNING but in PHP core
• E_COMPILE_ERROR — Fatal compile-time errors generated by the Zend Scripting Engine
• E_COMPILE_WARNING — Non-fatal compile-time errors by the Zend Scripting Engine
• E_USER_ERROR — Fatal user-generated error, set by the programmer using trigger_error()
• E_USER_WARNING — Non-fatal user-generated warning
• E_USER_NOTICE — User-generated notice by trigger_error()
• E_STRICT — Suggestions by PHP to improve your code (needs to be enabled)
• E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR — Catchable fatal error caught by a user-defined handle
•  E_DEPRECATED — Enable this to receive warnings about a code which is not future-proof
• E_USER_DEPRECATED — User-generated warning for deprecated code
• E_ALL — All errors and warnings except E_STRICT

Source from https://www.logicbig.com/

<?php
class MyClass {
   // defining a property
   public $myProperty = 'a property value';

   // defining a method
   public function display() {
     echo $this->myProperty;
   }
}

$var = new MyClass();
$var->display();
?>
  

a property value

<?php
class MyClass {
  public $var1 = 'public var';
  protected $var2 = 'protected var';
  private $var3 = 'private var';

  function printHello() {
    echo $this->var1 . '<br>';
    echo $this->var2 . '<br>';
    echo $this->var3 . '<br>';
  }
}

$obj = new MyClass();
echo $obj->var1 . '<br>'; // prints public var
$obj->printHello(); // prints all

// if uncommented followings will produce fatal errors
/*
* echo $obj->var2; // Fatal Error
* echo $obj->var3; // Fatal Error
*/

public var
public var
protected var
private var

<?php
class MyClass {
   const PI = 3.14159;

  function showPI() {
       echo self::PI . "<br>";
  }
}

echo MyClass::PI . "<br>";
$class = new MyClass();
$class->showPI();
echo $class::PI . "<br>";
?>

3.14159
3.14159
3.14159

<?php
class MyClass {
  static $var = 'a static property';

  static function aMethod() {
    return self::$var;
  }
}

echo MyClass::$var . '<br>';
echo MyClass::aMethod();
?>

a static property
a static property

 <?php
class MyClass {
   private $prop;

   function __construct($var) {
     echo 'In constructor of ' . __CLASS__ . '<br>';
     $this->prop = $var;
   }

   public function displayProp() {
     echo $this->prop .'<br>';
   }

   function __destruct() {
     echo 'destroying ' . __CLASS__;
   }
}

$a = new MyClass('the property value');
$a->displayProp();
?>

In constructor of MyClass
the property value
destroying MyClass

<?php
class MyParentClass {
  protected $var = 'a super call property';

  public function display() {
     echo $this->var . '<br>';
  }
}
class MySubclass extends MyParentClass {
  public function getVar() {
     return 'returning ' . $this->var;
  }
}

$a = new MySubClass();
$a->display();
echo $a->getVar();
?>

a super call property
returning a super call property

<?php
class A {
   protected static $x = 'value x';
   function __construct() {
     echo 'In constructor of ' . __CLASS__ . '<br>';
   }
}
class B extends A {
   function __construct() {
     parent::__construct();
     echo parent::$x .'<br>';
     echo 'In constructor of ' . __CLASS__ . '<br>';
   }
}

$b = new B();
  

In constructor of A
value x
In constructor of B

<?php
class A {
  function aMethod() {
    return "aMethod from A";
  }
}

class B extends A {
  function aMethod() {
       return "aMethod from B, ".
       parent::aMethod();
  }
}

$a = new A;
echo($a->aMethod());
echo('<br>');
$b = new B;
echo($b->aMethod());
?>

aMethod from A
aMethod from B, aMethod from A

<?php
abstract class A{
  abstract protected function aMethod();

  public function doSomething(){
    $this->aMethod();
  }
}
class B extends A{
  protected function aMethod(){
    echo 'aMethod called';
  }
}

$b = new B();
$b->doSomething();

aMethod called

<?php
interface Task {
  public function runTask();
  public function anotherMethod();
}

abstract class TaskImpl implements Task {
  public function runTask() {
    echo $this->anotherMethod();
  }
}

class TaskImpl2 extends TaskImpl {
  public function anotherMethod() {
    return "another method running task ";
  }
}

$task = new TaskImpl2();
$task->runTask();
?>

another method running task

<?php
trait  ATrait{
  private $var;

  function __construct($str) {
   $this->var = $str;
  }

  public function aTraitFunction() {
   echo __METHOD__ . ", from ATrait:  $this->var<br>";
  }

  public function aTraitFunction2() {
   echo __METHOD__ . ", from ATrait:  $this->var<br>";
  }

  function __toString() {
   return __CLASS__ . ", var=$this->var <br>";
  }
}

trait BTrait{
  public function aTraitFunction2() {
   echo __METHOD__ . ", from BTrait:  $this->var<br>";
  }
}

class BClass {
  public function aTraitFunction2() {
   echo __METHOD__ . ", from BClass:  $this->var<br>";
  }
}

class AClass extends BClass {
  use ATrait, BTrait{
   BTrait::aTraitFunction2 insteadof ATrait;
  }

  public function aTraitFunction() {
   echo __METHOD__ . ", frome AClass: $this->var<br>";
  }
}

$a = new AClass('a string');
echo $a;
$a->aTraitFunction();
$a->aTraitFunction2();

AClass, var=a string
AClass::aTraitFunction, frome AClass: a string
BTrait::aTraitFunction2, from BTrait: a string

class A {
  final function display() {
   echo "displaying in " . __CLASS__;
  }
}
class B extends A {
  function display() {
   echo "displaying in " . __CLASS__;
  }
}

$b = new B();
$b->display();

Fatal error: Cannot override final method A::display() in D:\eclipse-workspace\php-oop\final.php on line 13

final class A {
}
class B extends A {
}

$b = new B();

Fatal error: Class B may not inherit from final class (A) in D:\eclipse-workspace\php-oop\final-class.php on line 5

<?php
class MyClass {
}

function toString($bool) {
  if ($bool === false) {
   return 'FALSE';
  } else {
   return 'TRUE';
  }
}

$a = new MyClass();
$b = new MyClass();
$c = $a;

echo '<br>$a==$b : ' . toString($a == $b);
echo '<br>$a===$b : ' . toString($a === $b);
echo '<br>$a==$c : ' . toString($a == $c);
echo '<br>$a===$c : ' . toString($a === $c);
  

$a==$b : TRUE
$a===$b : FALSE
$a==$c : TRUE
$a===$c : TRUE

<?php
class TestClass {
  public $str = 'a str property';
  public $int = 3;
  protected $str2 = "a protected str property";
  private $str3 = "a private str property";

  function display(){
    foreach($this as $key => $value){
      echo "$key => $value <br>";
    }
  }
}

$a = new TestClass();
$a->display();
echo '----<br>';
foreach($a as $key => $value){
	echo "$key => $value <br>";
}

str => a str property
int => 3
str2 => a protected str property
str3 => a private str property
----
str => a str property
int => 3

<?php
spl_autoload_register(function ($className) {
 	echo "including $className.php <br>";
	 include $className . '.php';
});

$a = new A();
$b = new B();
 

including A.php
including B.php

<?php
class MyClass{

  private $var = 'a property';

  public function __toString(){
    return "MyClass: var = '$this->var'";
  }
}

$a = new MyClass();
echo $a;
  

MyClass: var = 'a property'

<?php
class MyClass {
  private $arr;

  public function __set($name, $value) {
   $this->arr[$name] = $value;
  }

  public function __get($key) {
   if (array_key_exists($key, $this->arr)) {
    return $this->arr[$key];
   }
   return null;
  }

  public function __isset($name) {
   if (isset($this->arr[$name])) {
    echo "Property $name is set.<br>";
   } else {
    echo "Property $name is not set.<br>";
   }
  }

  public function __unset($name) {
   unset($this->arr[$name]);
   echo "$name is unset <br>";
  }
}
$myObj = new MyClass();
$myObj->name="joe";// will trigger __set
var_dump($myObj);
echo '<br>';
echo $myObj->name; //will trigger __get
echo '<br>';
isset($myObj->name);//will trigger __isset
unset($myObj->name);//will trigger __unset
var_dump($myObj);
?>

object(MyClass)#1 (1) { ["arr":"MyClass":private]=> array(1) { ["name"]=> string(3) "joe" } }
joe
Property name is set.
name is unset
object(MyClass)#1 (1) { ["arr":"MyClass":private]=> array(0) { } }

<?php
class MyClass {

  public function __call($name, $paramArr) {
    // do something based on method name and params
    return "<br>returning result of method: $name , params: "
      . print_r($paramArr, true) . "<br>";
	}

	public static function __callStatic($name, $paramArr) {
    // do something based on method name and params
    return "<br>returning result of static method: $name , params: "
      . print_r($paramArr, true) . "<br>";
	}
}
$a = new MyClass();
echo $a->someMethod("some arg");
echo MyClass::someStaticMethod("some arg for static method");
?>

returning result of method: someMethod , params: Array ( [0] => some arg )

returning result of static method: someStaticMethod , params: Array ( [0] => some arg for static method )

<?php
class MyClass {

  public function __invoke() {
   //do something on being invoked as a function
    echo "invoked triggered<br>";
  }
}

function myFunction(Callable $func) {
  $func();
  return "returning from myFunction";
}

$a = new MyClass();
//$a() this also works
echo myFunction($a);

invoked triggered
returning from myFunction

<?php
class MyClass {
  public $var;

  public function __construct() {
   $this->var = new MyOtherClass();
  }

  public function __clone() {
   $this->var = clone $this->var;
  }
}
class MyOtherClass {
  private $str = 'some string';

  function getStr() {
    return $this->str;
  }
}

function toString($bool) {
  if ($bool === false) {
   return 'FALSE';
  } else {
   return 'TRUE';
  }
}
$a = new MyClass();
$b = clone $a;
//using identity operator === to see two '$var' have the same references
echo 'are internal objects equal: ' . toString($a->var === $b->var);

<?php
class MyClass {
  public $date;
  public $str;
  function __sleep() {
    return array('date');
  }

  function __wakeup() {
    echo "wakeup triggered <br>";
  }
}

date_default_timezone_set("America/Chicago");
$a = new MyClass();
$a->date = date("y/m/d");
$s = serialize($a);

echo "serialized: <br>";
echo $s;
echo "<br>";

echo "unserializing<br>";
$b = unserialize($s);
echo 'unserialized object:';
echo var_dump($b);
echo "<br>";
echo 'unserialized date: ' . $b->date;

serialized:
O:7:"MyClass":1:{s:4:"date";s:8:"16/10/25";}
unserializing
wakeup triggered
unserialized object:object(MyClass)#2 (2) { ["date"]=> string(8) "16/10/25" ["str"]=> NULL }
unserialized date: 16/10/25

<?php
class A{
  public $prop = 4;
}
echo var_export(new A());

A::__set_state(array(
   'prop' => 4,
))

<?php
class TestClass {
  public $var = 4;

  public static function __set_state($arr) {
    $a = new TestClass();
    $a->var = $arr['var'];
    return $a;
 }
}

$a = new TestClass();
$v = var_export($a, true);
echo "exported variable:<br> $v <br>";
echo "<br>importing variable:<br>";
eval('$e=' . $v . ';');
var_dump($e);

exported variable:
TestClass::__set_state(array( 'var' => 4, ))

importing variable:
object(TestClass)#2 (1) { ["var"]=> int(4) }

class TestClass {
	 private $var = 10;
	 private $str = 'a string';

	 public function __debugInfo() {
		  return ['string' => $this->str];
	}
}

$a = new TestClass();
var_dump($a);

object(TestClass)#1 (1) { ["string"]=> string(8) "a string" }